alternate a.交替的 v.使交替，使轮流 on alternate days \ in alternate years每隔一日/年
alternate in cleaning the room 轮流打扫房间 alternate between hope and fear时喜时忧
characterize vt.Poverty characterizes the land
predecessor n.前辈，前任 repeat the mistake of predecessor
sting v.蛰 get sting by a bee \teeth sting牙痛
siege n.包围，围攻 a siege last twenty days /raise siege 解除围困
trait n.特征 dominant trait of the hero
fence n.v.栅栏，用栅栏隔开
optimum a.最适宜的 n.最适宜的条件 optimum distribution of resources最合适的资源配置
confront v.遭遇，正视 be confronted with difficulties \confront death
radius n.半径 radius of the circle
shove v.n.乱推 shove the heavy load onto the others
furious a.暴怒的，强烈的 be furious at having been deceived
stereotype n.陈规，v.使定型 conform to stereotype 墨守辰归
hip n.臀部
subtle a.精巧的，细微的 subtle change
appreciable a.明显的 an appreciable drop
hinder v.阻止 a.后面的 the hinder part后面的部分 hinder development妨碍发展
notwithstanding 尽管 Notwithstanding, we must go. s
notwithstanding his good manners尽管他的意图是好的
witty a.机智的，风趣的 witty and humorous机智风趣
bid n.v.投标 make a bid for freedom\make a bid to pass the exam努力。。。
