上节我们新建了一个users app，这节需要在这个app中建设前台用户的一个数据模型。
设计前台用户的Model
#users/models.py
from django.db import models
from datetime import datetime
# Create your models here.
class UserInfo(models.Model):
user_type_choices = ((1,'普通用户'),(2,'vip用户'))
user_type = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='用户类型',choices=user_type_choices, default=1)
nick_name = models.CharField(verbose_name='昵称',max_length=50,default="")
birday = models.DateField(verbose_name='生日', null=True, blank=True)
gender = models.CharField(verbose_name='性别', max_length=10, choices=(("male", "男"), ("female", "女")), default="male")
address = models.CharField(verbose_name='地址', max_length=100, default="")
email = models.EmailField(verbose_name='邮箱地址', max_length=100)
mobile = models.CharField(verbose_name='手机', max_length=11, null=True, blank=True)
image = models.ImageField(verbose_name='用户头像',max_length=100, upload_to="image/%Y/%m", default="image/default.png")
username = models.CharField(verbose_name='用户名', unique=True, max_length=50)
password = models.CharField(verbose_name='登录密码', max_length=50)
create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建日期', default=datetime.now)
is_active = models.IntegerField(verbose_name='是否激活',choices=((0,'否'),(1,'是')), default=0)
class Meta:
verbose_name = "前台用户信息"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
#表示在后台管理系统中显示的名称
def __str__(self):
return self.username
class UserToken(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(to=UserInfo,on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING)
token = models.CharField(max_length=64)
create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='创建日期', default=datetime.now)
class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户Token"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
#表示在后台管理系统中显示的名称
def __str__(self):
return self.user
将数据模型添加到后台系统中
为了便于在后台系统中管理该数据表，需要在admin.py中编写代码对该数据表进行注册：
#users/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
# Register your models here.
from .models import UserInfo
class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
pass
admin.site.register(UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin)
同步数据结构到后台数据库
将该模型表同步到后台数据库：
python3 manage.py makemigrations
python3 manage.py migrate
表单
表单是网站常用的传递数据的工具，在前端的html文件中一般使用<form>标签构建表单数据:
#xxx.html
<form action="/form" method="post">
...
{% csrf_token %}
</form>
action="/form"表示这次POST请求将会与urls.py中的根路径下的form的URL进行绑定。
Django在为后端也提供了与model结构类似的表单form对象，它也是按照关系对象映射的方式设计的。表单主要作用是对数据进行校验，一般为了避免混淆，会在对应app目录下，也即与models.py同级的路径下创建一个文件forms.py用于编写表单：
#users/forms.py
from django import forms
#登录用表单
#required=True表示这个字段必填, 如果用户未填就提交会报错
#form字段名称一定要和前端页面中<input>中的name一致, 才能实现数据校验
class LoginForm(forms.Form):
username = forms.CharField(required=True)
password = forms.CharField(required=True)
modelform方式创建表单
由于表单的类与model类结构相似，我们也可以直接使用modelform继承models的字段结构生成表单。比如，上节我们设计了一个前台用户model类UserInfo，我们设计登录认证表单时可以继承该类的字段：
#users/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import UserInfo
...
class LoginForm(forms.ModelForm):
#其他字段
my_filed = forms.CharField()
class Meta:
# 对应的model
model = UserInfo
# 筛选对应的字段
fields = ['username', 'password']
views中对表单的使用处理
接下来，我们将在views.py中编写一个简单的登录验证视图逻辑，并将刚刚创建的表单引入：
#users/views.py
...
from .forms import LoginForm
class LoginView(View):
def get(self, request):
return render(request, 'login.html', {})
def post(self, request):
login_form = LoginForm(request.POST)
# 判断校验结果是否有错
if login_form.is_valid():
user_name = request.POST.get('username', '')
pass_word = request.POST.get('password', '')
try:
user = UserInfo.objects.get(Q(username=user_name) | Q(email=pass_word))
if user.check_password(pass_word):
return render(request, 'login.html',{'msg': '登录成功','status':200})
except Exception as e:
render(request, 'login.html', {'msg': '用户名或密码错误!','status':401})
else:
#校验结果存储在login_form中传回给前端
return render(request, 'login.html', {'msg': '数据格式报错!','login_form': login_form,'status':402})
另外，如上所示，表单有is_valid方法可以先对数据有效性进行一次预校验，如果校验不通过，报错信息会存储在表单对象中传回给前端:
#template/login.html.py
<form>
#异常input效果
<div class= "form {% if login_form.errors.username %}errorput{% endif %}">
#显示错误日志
<div>{% for key,error in login_form.errors.items %}{{ key }}:{{ error }}{% endfor %}</div>
</form>
注意，我们在新增数据，比如用户注册的场景中，可以对modelform对象加载数据后使用save(commit=True)的方法，将数据存入modelform对应的model后台表中。
登录逻辑
Django有多种响应页面请求的方式，接下来我们将以编写登录逻辑为例展示这些方法。
页面直接响应
当我们直接使用一个html文件去响应某个请求时, 我们不需要在views.py编写视图函数, 而可以直接在urls.py中编写以下逻辑:
#urls.py
...
from django.views.generic import TemplateView
urlpatterns = [
...
url('$',TemplateView.as_view(template_name='index.html'),name='index')
]
在接下来编写登录逻辑的过程中, 会逐步介绍其它的响应方式。
视图函数编写登录逻辑
views.py中用到了dango自带的一个用户验证方法authenticate, 如果验证成功, 该方法将返回一个user对象, 否则返回None。
authenticate方法默认验证是通过username和password进行验证, django允许我们使用自定义验证方式, 如上所示, 我们通过继承类ModelBackend来重写authenticate方法,用Q实现或逻辑,当然最后重写的类我们需要在settings.py中进行配置:
#settings.py
...
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = (
'users.views.CustomBackend',
)
views.py中还用到了login, 这个方法将通过request记录下用户的地址, 通过session和cookies记录用户的状态。
前端通过{% request.user.is_authenticated %}判断用户是否验证。
基于类的方法编写登录逻辑
基于类编写响应逻辑的方式是Django最建议用户使用的:
#users/views.py
...
from django.views.generic.base import View
class LoginView(View):
def get(self,request):
return render(request, "login.html",{})
def post(self,request):
login_form = LoginForm(request.POST)
if login_form.is_valid():
user_name = request.POST.get('username',"")
pass_word = request.POST.get('password',"")
user = authenticate(username=user_name,password=pass_word)
if user is not None:
if user.is_active:
login(request,user)
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("index"))
else:
return render(request, 'login.html', {"msg": "账号未激活!"})
else:
return render(request,'login.html',{"msg":"用户名或密码错误!"})
else:
return render(request,'login.html',{"login_form":login_form})
#urls.py
...
from users.views import LoginView
urlpatterns = [
...
url('^login/$',LoginView.as_view(),name='login')
]
设计轮播图 Model
#users/models.py
from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
...
class Banner(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='标题')
image = models.ImageField(max_length=100,upload_to="image/%Y/%m",default="image/default.png",verbose_name='轮播图')
url = models.URLField(max_length=200, verbose_name='访问地址')
index = models.IntegerField(default=100, verbose_name='顺序')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "轮播图"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __unicode__(self):
return self.username
courses APP
接下来我们需要给项目添加一个courses的APP, 用于处理courses的事务:
startapp courses
注意在settings.py中配置新增的APP:
#users/settings.py
...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
"courses"
]
课程信息course Model设计
#courses/models.py
from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models
class Course(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='课程名称')
desc = models.CharField(max_length=300, verbose_name='课程描述')
detail = models.TextField(verbose_name='课程详情')
degree = models.CharField(choices =(("cj","初级"),("zj","中级"),("gj","高级")), max_length=2, verbose_name='课程难度')
learn_times = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='学习时长(分钟数)')
students = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='学习人数')
fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='收藏人数')
image = models.ImageField(max_length=100,upload_to="courses/%Y/%m",default="image/default.png",verbose_name='封面图')
click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='点击数')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "课程信息"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __unicode__(self):
return self.username
class Lesson(models.Model):
course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name='所属课程')
name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='章节名称')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "章节"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class Video(models.Model):
lesson = models.ForeignKey(Lesson, verbose_name='所属章节')
name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='视频名称')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "视频"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class CourseResource(models.Model):
course = models.ForeignKey(Course, verbose_name='所属课程')
name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='资源名称')
download = models.FileField(max_length=100,upload_to="courses/resource/%Y/%m",verbose_name='下载路径')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "课程资源"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
Organization APP
接下来我们需要给项目添加一个organizations的APP, 用于处理organizations的事务:
startapp organizations
注意在settings.py中配置新增的APP:
#users/settings.py
...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
"organizations"
]
课程信息organizations Model设计
#courses/models.py
from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models
class CityDict(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name='城市名称')
desc = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='城市描述')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "城市"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class CourseOrg(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='机构名称')
desc = models.CharField(max_length=300, verbose_name='机构描述')
click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='点击数')
fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='收藏人数')
image = models.ImageField(max_length=100,upload_to="org/%Y/%m",default="org/default.png",verbose_name='封面图')
address = models.CharField(max_length=150,verbose_name='机构地址')
course = models.ForeignKey(CityDict, verbose_name='所在城市')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "机构"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class Teacher(models.Model):
org = models.ForeignKey(CourseOrg,verbose_name='所属机构')
name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='教师名称')
work_years = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='工作年限')
work_company = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='就职公司')
work_position = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='公司职位')
points = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='教学特点')
click_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='点击数')
fav_nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='收藏人数')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "教师"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
Operation APP
接下来我们需要给项目添加一个operation的APP, 用于处理用户的操作记录:
startapp operation
注意在settings.py中配置新增的APP:
#users/settings.py
...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
...
"operation"
]
用户操作信息operation Model设计
#operation/models.py
from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models
from users.models import UserProfile
from courses.models import Course,Teacher
class UserAsk(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='姓名')
mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, verbose_name='手机')
course_name = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name='课程名称')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户咨询"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class CourseComments(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile,verbose_name='所属用户')
course = models.ForeignKey(Course,verbose_name='课程')
comments = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name='评论')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户评论"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class UserFavorite(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile,verbose_name='所属用户')
fav_id = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='数据ID')
fav_type = models.IntegerField(choices=((1,"课程"),(2,"课程机构"),(3,"讲师")),default=1,verbose_name='收藏类型')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户收藏"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class UserMessage(models.Model):
user = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name='用户ID')
message = models.CharField(max_length=500, verbose_name='消息内容')
has_read = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name='是否已读')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户消息"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class UserCourse(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(UserProfile,verbose_name='所属用户')
course = models.ForeignKey(Course,verbose_name='课程')
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name='添加时间')
class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户课程"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
接下来, 我们执行makemigrations和migrate就可以更新数据。
