"I just don't want to eat an animal that tells me it wants to be killed and eaten." Explains Arthur.
" We measured the angle and enenrgy of the electron after they hit the prontons."
"Q^2 is known as the virtuality of the photon that smashes into the proton...... as the resolving power of the photon. High Q^2 corresponds to short wavelength, meaning samller details can be seen. "
"This is what happens if the photons were scattering off tiny dots of matter inside the proton, known as quarks."
"Prontons are continually evolving around the scaffolding which is consisted of 3 quarks (2 up and 1 down), which are bound toether by the srofn nuclear force, whih is carried by particles called gluons, which can interact with each other through the exchange of more gluons.This makes the pronton having an increasingly complex xtrucutre as we dial up the resolving power."
Mind, "what we see doesn't change as we cran up the resolving power of the microscope, which corresponds to going to higher Q^2 ."
" Scaling Violation: as we dial up the resolving power the constituents apper to be increasingly numerous." " Gluons carry around half of the momentum of a proton, becuase there are so may of them buzzing around through the quarks. "
"...using our best theory of the strong nuclear force: Quantum Chromodynamics, or QCD. QCD is a set of rules that specifies the probability that a quark will emit a gluon and how gluons interact with other quarks and gluons."
" Two types of quarks, are stuck together by gluons, to make protons and neutrons which are stuck together by more gluons to make atomic nuclei. Electrons are stuck in orbit around the nuclei by photons to make atoms and atoms stick together by exchanging photons between their electrons to make molecules. And so it goes!" " And there's another force called the weak nuclear force which can convert up quarks into down quarks, with the simultaneous emission of the particle called electron-neutrino." " The weak force is carried by particles known as W and Z bosons, also the Higgs boson discovered in 2012, which gives the building blocks their mass. " " There are twelve fundamental particles of matter, four different sorts of force-carrying particle and the Higgs particle." " That's it, as far as we know." " There is five times more dark matter than 'normal' matter in the Universe by mass" Neat!
So basically, up and down quarks make the gluons, which form protons and neutrons, and they are bound together by the strong nuclear force ( essentially, gluons.). 外环： electrons are stuck in orbit by the electromagnetic force ( photons) around the nuclei, to form atoms, which then exchange photons between their electrons (the electrons jump up and down energy levels) with other atoms to form molecules.
"The particles could be arranged according to their observed properties in geometrical patterns, called super-multiplets"
